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Informations about fuel gases
Courtesy of Mr.Fernando Costa©
 
Select a table from the index beside: Table 1. Gross Heating Values and Net Heating Values
Table 2. Density and Specific Gravity
Table 3. Wobbe Index
Table 4. Adiabatic Flame Temperature
Table 5. Minimum Autoignition Temperature
Table 6. Flammability Limits or Explosive Limits
Table 7. Flame Speeds
Table 8. Fundamental Combustion Equations
Table 9. Perfect Combustion with Air
Table 10. Perfect Combustion with Oxygen

 

 

TABLE 1. Gross Heating Values (GHV) and Net Heating Values (NHV)

Fuel Gas kcal/Nm³ kcal/kg
   GHV NHV GHV NHV
Hydrogen 3050  2570 33889 28555
Methane 9530 8570  13284 11946
Ethane 16700 15300 12400 11350
Ethylene 15100 14200 12020 11270
Natural Gas from Campos 10060 9090 16206 14642
Natural Gas from Santos 10687  9672 15955 14440
Natural Gas from Bolivia 9958 8993 16494 14896
Propane 24200 22250 12030 11080
Propylene 22400 20900 11700 10940
n-Butane 31900 29400  11830 10930
iso-Butane 31700 29200 11810 10900
Butylene-1 29900 27900 11580 10830
iso-Pentane (liquid) - - 11600 10730
LPG (average) 28000  25775 11920 10997
Acetylene 13980 13490 11932 11514
Carbon Monoxide 3014 3014  2411 2411

 

 

TABLE 2. Density and Specific Gravity

Fuel Gas Density Specific Gravity
(kg/Nm³) (air = 1)
Air 1,29 1,00
Hydrogen 0,09 0,07
Methane 0,72 0,56
Ethane 1,35 1,05
Ethylene 1,26 0,98
Natural Gas from Campos 0,79 0,61
Natural Gas from Santos 0,83 0,64
Natural Gas from Bolivia 0,78 0,60
Propane 2,01 1,56
Propylene 1,91 1,48
n-Butane 2,69 2,09
iso-Butane 2,68 2,08
Butylene-1 2,58 2,00
LPG (average) 2,35 1,82
Acetylene 1,17 0,91
Carbon Monoxide 1,25 0,97

 

 

TABLE 3. Wobbe Index

Fuel Gas Upper Wobbe Index Lower Wobbe Index
  (kcal/Nm³) (kcal/Nm³)
Hydrogen 11528 9714
Methane 12735 11452
Ethane 16298 14931
Ethylene 15253 14344
Natural Gas from Campos 12837 11597
Natural Gas from Santos 13307 12043
Natural Gas from Bolívia 12834 11591
Propane 19376 17814
Propylene 18413 17180
n-Butane 22066 20336
iso-Butane 21980 20247
Butylene-1 21142 19728
LPG (average) 20755 19106
Acetylene 14655 14141
Carbon Monoxide 3060 3060

 

 

TABLE 4. Adiabatic Flame Temperature (gas, air and oxygen at 20ºC)

Fuel Gas Air (ºC) Oxygen (ºC)
Methane 1957 2810
Ethane 1960 -
Propane 1980 2820
Butane 1970 -
Hydrogen 2045 2660
Acetylene 2400 3100

 

 

TABLE 5. Minimum Autoignition Temperature (fuel gas,air and oxygen at atmospheric pressure)

Fuel Gas Air (ºC) Oxygen (ºC)
Methane 580 555
Ethane 515 -
Propane 480 470
Butane 420 285
Carbon Monoxide 630 -
Hydrogen 570 560
Acetylene 305 296

 

 

TABLE 6. Flammability Limits or Explosive Limits (fuel gas, air and oxygen at 20ºC and at atmospheric pressure)

Fuel Gas Air Oxygen
Limits Lower (%) Upper (%) Lower (%) Upper (%)
Methane 5,0 15,0 5,0 60,0
Ethane 3,0 12,4 3,0 66,0
Ethylene 2,7 36,0 2,9 80,0
Propane 2,8 9,5 2,3 45,0
Propylene 2,0 11,1 2,1 52,8
Butane 1,8 8,4 1,8 40,0
Carbon Monoxide 12,0 75,0 - -
Hydrogen 4,0 75,0 4,0 94,0
Acetylene 2,2 80 / 85(*) 2,8 93,0
(*) Different book references.

 

 

TABLE 7. Flame Speeds

Fuel Gas Air Oxygen
  (m/sec) (m/sec)
Methane 0,4 3,9
Propane 0,45 / 0,5 3,3 / 3,9
Butane 0,35 3,3
Acetylene 1,46 7,6
Hydrogen 2,66 14,35

 

 

TABLE 8. Fundamental Combustion Equations

 

 

TABLE 9. Perfect Combustion with Air

Fuel Gas Air Required Combustion Products
  (Nm³ air / Nm³ gas) (Nm³ c.p. / Nm³ gas)
Carbon Monoxide 2,40 2,90
Methane 9,62 10,62
Acetylene 12,02 12,52
Ethylene 14,42 15,42
Ethane 16,83 18,33
Propylene 21,36 23,13
Propane 24,04 26,04
Butylene 28,85 30,85
Butane 31,25 33,75
Hydrogen 2,40 2,90

 

 

TABLE 10. Perfect Combustion with Oxygen

Fuel Gas Oxygen Required Combustion Products
  (Nm³ O2 / Nm³ gas) (Nm³ c.p. / Nm³ gas)
Carbon Monoxide 0,50 1,00
Methane 2,00 3,00
Acetylene 2,50 3,00
Ethylene 3,00 4,00
Ethane 3,50 5,00
Propylene 4,50 6,00
Propane 5,00 7,00
Butylene 6,00 8,00
Butane 6,50 9,00
Hydrogen 0,50 1,00